The author shows that in the late 19th — early 20th century Russian politics actively used actualization approaches to the exploitation of cultural heritage. The author gradually discloses the formation of cultural heritage’s main political function: accentuation and strengthening of historical-symbolic (above all, sacred) grounds of the political regime legitimacy. The author did focus on the fact that political actualization of the Church’s cultural heritage is carried out in certain periods of political development when the interests of governmental power preservation, of ensuring the society and government unity require strengthening of sacred and folk foundations of its legitimacy.
Keywords: cultural heritage; Church; state; monarchy; legitimacy; ideology; historicism; historicist scheme; nation-building; official commitment to people; people’s monarchy; orthodoxy; autocracy; nationalism.
References
- Hobsbawm E. J. Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992, 206 p.
- Vortman R. “Ofi tsial’naya narodnost’ ” i natsional’nyi mif rossiiskoi monarkhii XIX veka (“Official Commitment to People” and National Myth of 19th Century Russian Monarchy), ROSSIYa / RUSSIA, Vyp. 3 (11), Kul’turnye praktiki v ideologicheskoi perspective, Rossiya, XVIII — nachalo XX veka, M., O. G. I., 1999, pp. 233—244.
- Vortman R. Stsenarii vlasti: Mify i tseremonii russkoi monarkhii, T. 1, Ot Petra Velikogo do smerti Nikolaya I (Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony of Russian Monarchy, Vol. 2, From Peter the Great to the Death of Nicholas I), M., O. G. I., 2002, 607 p., il., Materialy i issledovaniya po istorii russkoi kul’tury, vyp. 8.
- Kyustin A. de. Rossiya v 1839 godu (Russia in 1839), M., [S. l.], 1996, 528 p., portr.
- Hobsbawm E. Mass-Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870—1914, The Invention of Tradition, Eric Hobsbawn, Terence Ranger (ed.), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 263—307.
- Pogodin M. P. Istoriko-kriticheskie otryvki (Historical and Critical Passages), Kn. 1, M., Tipografiya Avgusta Semena, 1846, 427 p.
- Uvarov S. S. Desyatiletie Ministerstva narodnogo prosveshcheniya, 1833—1843 (Tenth Anniversary of Ministry of Education, 1833 to 1843), SPb., Tip. Imperatorskoi Akademii nauk, 1864, VI, 161 p.
- Borisova E. A. Russkaya arkhitektura vtoroi poloviny XIX veka (Russian Architecture of Second Half of 19th Century), M., Nauka, 1979, 319 p., il.
- Kirichenko E. I. Russkii stil’. Poiski vyrazheniya natsional’noi samobytnosti. Narodnost’ i na tsional’nost’. Traditsii drevnerusskogo i narodnogo iskusstva v russkom iskusstve XVIII — nachala XX veka (Russian Style. Quest of National Identity Formulation. Traditions of Ancient Russian and Folk Art in 19th — early 20th Century Russian Art), M., Galart, 1997, 432 p., il.
- Barsukov N. P. Zhizn’ i trudy M. P. Pogodina (Life and Works of M. P. Pogodin), Kn. 10, SPb., Pogodin i Stasyulevich, 1896, XV, 583 p.
- Ukaz imennoi, ob”yavlennyi grazhdanskim gubernatoram upravlyayushchim Ministerstvom vnutrennikh del “O dostavlenii svedenii ob ostatkakh drevnikh zdanii v gorodakh i o vospreshchenii razrushat’ onye” ot 31 dekabrya 1826 g. No. 794 (Ukaze of His Imperial Majesty Announced to Governors by Director of Ministry of Home Affairs “On Bringing the References About Ancient Buildings Remnants in the Cities and on Prohibition to Destroy Them), Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii, Sobr. 2-e, T. 1, s 12 dekabrya 1825 po 1827, SPb., Tip. 2-go Otd. Sobstvennoi E. I. V. Kantselyarii, 1830, pp. 1373—1374.
- 1827 g. yanvarya 7. Otnoshenie upravlyayushchego Ministerstvom vnutrennikh del k oberprokuroru sv. Sinoda s pros’boi napravit’ rasporyazheniya o vospreshchenii razrushat’ drevnie zdaniya. No. 55 (1827, January 7, Rapport of Director of Ministry of Home Affairs to Holy Synode Attorney-General with Petition to Send Up the Prescription about Prohibition to Destroy Ancient Buildings. No. 55), Sokhranenie pamyatnikov tserkovnoi stariny v Rossii XVIII — nachala XX vv., sb. dokumentov, by V. S. Dedyukhina i dr., M., Otechestvo, 1997, pp. 68—69.
- Pokrovskii N. V. O merakh k sokhraneniyu pamyatnikov tserkovnoi stariny (On Measures to Preserve Church Heritage Assets), Novgorodskii istoricheskii sbornik, Vyp. 7 (17), SPb., Dmitrii Bulanin, 1999, pp. 267—286.
- 1853 g. mart. Vysochaishe odobrennye predpolozheniya sinodal’nogo chlena preosvyashchennogo mitropolita Moskovskogo Filareta o usovershenstvovanii sposobov sokhrannosti v tserkvakh i monastyryakh tserkovnykh i riznichnykh veshchei, drevnostei i bibliotek, s prilozheniem form tserkovnoi i riznichnoi opisi takogo-to monastyrya. No. 70 (1853, March, Supreme Approval of Eminent Metropolitan Filaret of Moscow, Member of Synod, Proposal to Improve the Methods to Preserve Church and Sacristan Things, Antiquities and Libraries in Churches and Monasteries, with Supplement of Church and Sacristan Inventory Forms from Such and Such Monastery. No. 70), Sokhranenie pamyatnikov tserkovnoi stariny v Rossii XVIII — nachala XX vv., sb. dokumentov, by V. S. Dedyukhina i dr., M., Otechestvo, 1997, pp. 86—90.
- Manifest o nezyblemosti samoderzhaviya — Vysochaishii Manifest Aleksandra III ot 29 aprelya (11 maya) 1881 goda “O prizyve vsekh vernykh poddannykh k sluzheniyu veroyu i pravdoyu Ego Imperatorskomu Velichestvu i Gosudarstvu, k iskoreneniyu gnusnoi kramoly, k utverzhdeniyu very i nravstvennosti, dobromu vospitaniyu detei, k istrebleniyu nepravdy i khishcheniya, k vodvoreniyu poryadka i pravdy v deistvii uchrezhdenii Rossii” (Manifesto about Czarist Rule Sacrosanctity — Alexander the Third Supreme Manifesto from Ap ril 29 (May 11), 1881, “On Call for All Loyal Patrials to Serve with Good Faith and Fidelity His Imperial Majesty and the State, to Deracinate Vile Sedition, to Maintain Faith and Morality, to Educate Children Well, to Eradicate Lie and Theft, to Install Order and Truth in Russian Institutions’ Action”), Pravitel’stvennyi Vestnik, 1881, No. 93,
30 aprelya (12 maya), p. 1. - Maiorova O. E. Mitropolit moskovskii Filaret v obshchestvennom soznanii kontsa XIX veka (Metropolitan Filaret of Moscow in Public Conscience of the End of 19th Century), Lotmanovskii sbornik, [T.] 2, M., O. G. I., RGGU, 1997, pp. 615—638.
- Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev i ego korrespondenty, v 2 t. (Konstantin Petrovich Pobedonostsev and His Correspondents, in 2 Vols.), Minsk, Kharvest, 2003, T. 1, 447 p., Vospominaniya. Memuary.
- Pamyati imperatora Aleksandra III, Sbornik “Moskovskikh Vedomostei” (izvestiya, stat’i, perepechatki) (In Memoriam of Emperor Alexander the Third, “Moskovskie Vedomosti” Collection (News, Papers, Republications)), Izd. S. Petrovskogo, M., Universit. tip., 1894, 400 p.
- Wortman R. Moscow and Petersburg: The Problem of Political Center in Tsarist Russia, 1881—1914, Rites of Power: Symbolism, Ritual and Politics Since the Middle Ages, Ed. by S. Wilentz, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999, pp. 244—274.
- Vsemirnaya illyustratsiya (Worldwide Illustration), T. 26, 1881, No. 656, pp. 96—122.
- GARF, F. 642, op. 1, d. 709 (Leskov), l. 24—25, Pis’mo ot 16 maya 1884 g.
- Parland A. A. Khram Voskreseniya Khristova, sooruzhennyi na meste smertel’nogo poraneniya v Boze pochivshego imperatora Aleksandra II na Ekaterininskom kanale v Sankt-Peterburge (The Church of the Resurrection Erected at the Place of Mortal Wounding of Emperor Alexander the Second Falling Asleep in the Lord at Ekaterininsky Channel in St. Petersburg), Moskovskie Vedomosti (9 aprelya 1882 g.), SPb., 1909, p. 2.
- Polunov A. Yu. Pod vlast’yu ober-prokurora: Gosudarstvo i tserkov’ v epokhu Aleksandra III (Under the Rule of Attorney-General: State and Church under Alexander the Third), M., Airo-XX, 1996, 141 p.
- Flier M. S. The Church of the Savior on the Blood: Projection, Rejection, Resurrection, Christianity and the Eastern Slavs, Vol. 2, Russian Culture in Modern Times, Ed. by R. P. Hughes, I. A. Paperno, Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, London, University of California Press, 1994, pp. 25—43.
- Utrachennye pamyatniki arkhitektury Peterburga — Leningrada, katalog vystavki (Lost Architectural Monuments of Petersburg — Leningrad: Exhibition Catalogue), L., Khudozhnik RSFSR, 1988, 48 p.
- Shul’ts S. S. Khramy Sankt-Peterburga: Istoriya i sovremennost’ (Cathedrals of Saint Petersburg: History and Modern Times), Pod nauch. red. M. V. Shkarovskogo, SPb., Glagol”, 1994, 320 p.
- Vortman R. Nikolai II i populyarizatsiya ego obraza v 1913 godu (Nicholas II and His Image Popularization in 1913), Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 1999, No. 4 (38), pp. 78—97.
- Spiridovitch A. Les dernières années de la cour de Tzarskoïe-Selo (Last Years of Tsarskoye Selo Court), Vol. 2, Paris, Payot, 1929, 485 p.
- Tsiv’yan Yu. G. Istoricheskaya retseptsiya kino: kinematograf v Rossii, 1896—1930 (Historical Reception of Motion Picture: Cinema in Russia, 1896 to 1930), Riga, Zinatne, 1991, 492 p.
- Tsivian Yu. Censure Bans on Religious Subjects in Russian Films, Une invention du diable? Cinéma des premiers temps et religion (An Invention of the Devil ? Religion and Early Cinema), Ed. by R. Cosandey, A. Gaudreault, T. Gunning, Sainte-Foy, Les presses de l’Université Laval, Lausanne, Payot Lausanne, 1992, pp. 71—80.
- Ginzburg S. S. Kinematografiya dorevolyutsionnoi Rossii (Russian Cinematography of Czarist Era), M., Iskusstvo, 1963, 406 p.
- Moskovskie Vedomosti, 1913, 03 marta, p. 1.
- Nikon (Rozhdestvenskii). Vera Khristova ne terpit dvoedushiya (Christian Faith Tolerates No Doubleness), Tserkovnye Vedomosti, 1913, 09 fevralya.