The authors discuss basic methodological issues of social studies. New quality of post-nonclassical rationality paradigm involves the object’s characteristics of knowledge as well as its values and target structure, taking into account human values’ contradictory nature. Value systems are defined by the authors both as well developed ideological, religious systems and as a set of nonfixed principles that reflect someone’s system of understanding
of the world, evolving within a particular group of people or subculture. Fractal evolutionary methodological approach, based on the universal laws of life and cognitive processes serves as a foundation for cross-disciplinary research synthesis. Some reference material of the authors’ sociological studies based on fractal evolutionary approach were also presented.

Keywords: scientific rationality; methodology; principles; social cognition; fractal; fractal evolution theory; cross-disciplinary synthesis; values; theology; nonlinearity; openness; complexity; science’s social accountability.

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